Nuevos Recursos Tecnológicos para la Enseñanza de Anatomía Durante la Crisis por Pandemia COVID-19. Desde el B-learn hacia el E-learn en una Nueva Escuela de Medicina de Chile / New Technological Resources for Anatomy Teaching During the COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis. From B-learn to E-Learn at a New Medical School, in Chile

Para iniciar la enseñanza de anatomía la nueva Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad de Tarapacá (UTA) adquirió innovadores recursos tecnológicos según el estado del arte en medios digitales y 3D. La primera cohorte de estudiantes de medicina utilizó estos recursos tecnológicos el año 2016, valoró positivamente la asignatura cursada y su metodología didáctica mediante un enfoque combinado (B-Learn). Estos resultados fueron publicados el año 2018, siendo un exitoso modelo local de enseñanza hasta el año 2019. La pandemia COVID-19 golpeó fuertemente a Chile desde el inicio del año 2020 y las universidades debieron adaptar su modelo de enseñanza. En nuestro caso se realizó impartiendo las asignaturas mediante un enfoque de total aprendizaje en línea a través de internet (E-Learn). Se impartió el primer y segundo semestre de anatomía a 36 estudiantes del primer año de medicina 2020. Además de los recursos tradicionales como textos de estudio y guías de laboratorio, para migrar a un modelo de curso E-Learn totalmente en línea, se utilizaron los recursos digitales y 3D almacenados en la base de datos local de la mesa de disección digital SECTRA® y su plataforma RIS/PACS portal IDS7 SECTRA®, para ser enseñados mediante internet vía Zoom® en tiempo real y vía plataformas Intranet-UTA en conjunto con Moodle® para las tareas y posteriores evaluaciones. La transición desde un modelo B-Learn a uno E-Learn se realizó en forma exitosa gracias a la experiencia conseguida los años anteriores en cuanto a diseño y uso de recursos didácticos, además de la base de datos local con recursos anatómicos previamente almacenados en formato digital. El rendimiento de los alumnos fue sobresaliente durante la pandemia, mostrando la versatilidad y adaptación de los nuevos estudiantes nativos digitales a las emergentes condiciones de aprendizaje.

SUMMARY: To start teaching anatomy, the recently established medical school of the University of Tarapacá (UTA) acquired innovative and state of the art technological resources in digital and 3D media. The first cohort of medical students used these resources in 2016 and positively assessed the subject studied and its didactic methodology through a combined approach (B- Learn). These results were published in 2018, and it was deemed a successful local teaching model until 2019. Since the beginning of 2020 the COVID-19 pandemic impacted Chile particularly hard, and universities had to adapt their teaching model. In our case, we carried it out by teaching the subjects using a comprehensive online learning approach through the Internet (E-Learn). The first and second semester of anatomy were taught to 36 students in the first year of medicine 2020. In addition to traditional resources such as study texts and laboratory guides, to migrate to a fully online E- Learn course model, the digital and 3D resources stored in the local database of the SECTRA® digital dissection table and its RIS/ PACS portal IDS7 SECTRA® platform were used to be taught via the internet through Zoom® in real-time and via Intranet UTA platforms in conjunction with Moodle® for the tasks and subsequent evaluations. The transition from a B-Learn model to an E-Learn model was carried out successfully thanks to the experience gained in previous years in terms of design and use of teaching resources, in addition to the local database with previously stored anatomical resources in digital format. Student performance was outstanding during the pandemic, showing the versatility and adaptation of new digital native students to emerging learning conditions.

Psychometric Properties of the Causal Attributions Scale for Reading Comprehension / Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Atribuciones Causales para la Comprensión Lectora / Propriedades psicométricas da Escala Atribuições de Causas para a Compreensão de Leitura

Causal attributions, achievement goals, and self-efficacy comprise the motivational dimension of self-regulated learning. Due to the absence of scales to assess the causal attributions of Brazilian middle school students, this study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Causal Attributions Scale for Reading Com-prehension. The study involved three samples: one of the expert judges and two composed of students. Evidence of content validity was found through theo-retical and practical representativeness and the intel-ligibility of the scale items. The associations between the attributional causes and psychological dimensions proved validity based on the scale's internal structure. The effects identified in the comparisons between the scale and achievement goals, and the scale and self-efficacy indicated validity based on the relationship with other variables. This instrument can be recom-mended for use by professionals in psychology and education. We also suggest the performance of further studies with the scale.

Las atribuciones causales, los objetivos de logro y la autoeficacia constituyen la dimensión motivacional del aprendizaje autorregulado. Debido a la ausencia de escalas para evaluar las atribuciones causales de estudiantes brasileños de enseñanza fundamental, en este estudio investigamos las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Atribuciones Causales para la Comprensión Lectora. Este análisis involucró tres muestras: una de jueces expertos y dos formadas por estudiantes. Se encontró evidencia de validez de contenido a través de la representatividad teórica y práctica, y por medio de la inteligibilidad de los ítems de la escala. Los resultados de las asociaciones entre las causas atribucionales y las dimensiones psicológicas proporcionaron evidencia de validez basada en la estructura interna. Los efectos identificados en las comparaciones entre la escala y metas de logro, y la escala y autoeficacia, indicaron evidencia de validez basada en la relación con otras variables. Este instrumento puede ser recomendado para su uso por profesionales en psicología y educación. También se sugiere la realización de más estudios con la escala

Atribuições causais, metas de realização e autoeficácia constituem a dimensão motivacional da aprendizagem autorregulada. Devido à ausência de escalas para avaliar as atribuições causais de estudantes brasileiros do ensino fundamental, neste estudo investigamos as propriedades psicométricas da Escala Atribuições de Causas para a Compreensão de Leitura. Este estudo envolveu três amostras: uma amostra de juízes especialistas e duas amostras compostas por estudantes. Encontrouse evidência de validade de conteúdo através da represen-tatividade teórica e prática e por meio da inteligibilidade dos itens da escala. Os resultados das associações entre as causas atribuídas e as dimensões psicológicas forneceram evidências de validade com base na estru-tura interna. Os efeitos identificados nas comparações entre a escala e os objetivos de realização, e a escala e autoeficácia indicaram evidências de validade com base na relação com outras variáveis. Recomendamos que este instrumento seja utilizado por profissionais da psicologia e da educação. Outros estudos com a escala também são sugeridos.

Effect of COVID-19 Lockdown on Lifestyle Habits and Self-Care Practices of Diabetic and Hypertensive Patients in Rural Shimla and Udaipur – Findings from the HealthRise India program

Background: COVID-19 pandemic has increased the risk of mortality among patients with noncommunicable diseases. Maintaining a good metabolic control, lifestyle modification along with improved self?care practices are not only associated with less severe COVID?19 infections but also with a high recovery rate. Objectives: This research article explores the changes in lifestyle habits, self-care practices, and metabolic control among patients enrolled in the HealthRise program. The study compares behavioral changes, before COVID-19 pandemic and during COVID-19 pandemic, between intervention and control arms in Shimla and Udaipur. Methods: A quasi-experimental study design was employed for program implementation in select villages of Shimla district, and Udaipur district. A total of 459 patients from Shimla and 309 patients from Udaipur with diabetes mellitus or hypertension or with both were enrolled and followed for 1 year. Results: Metabolic control in Shimla intervention arm was 2.6 times higher than in control arm (P = 0.001) before COVID?19 pandemic. During COVID?19 pandemic, Odds of metabolic control in Shimla intervention was 1.5 times higher when compared with control arm (P = 0.03). In Udaipur, metabolic control before COVID-19 pandemic was comparable between control and intervention arms. During the pandemic, metabolic control in intervention arm of Udaipur was 5 times higher when compared to the control arm ((P = 0.001). Conclusion: Participants exposed to support, appreciate, learn, and transfer-community life competence process (SALT-CLCP) intervention maintained metabolic control during the COVID-19 pandemic with improved behavioral and self-care practices. Community-based interventions such as SALT-CLCP method bring ownership and empower community in achieving the better health outcomes.

Self-regulated learning of Natural Sciences and Mathematics future teachers: learning strategies, self-efficacy, and socio-demographic factors

Teacher education programs should have as one of their purposes the promotion of self-regulatory skills for learning among students who aspire to be teachers so that they can take a leading role in their learning and foster these skills in their future students. Considering the importance of knowing what students in teacher education programs do to study and learn, as well as how efficacious they feel to deal with academic demands, this study is part of a larger research and aims to investigate the learning and study strategies and self-efficacy for learning beliefs of 220 students enrolled in teacher education programs in Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics of a Higher Education Institution in the state of Piauí, and examine them in relation to age, gender, licentiate area, and course semester. Brazilian translations of the Learning and Study Strategies Inventory (LASSI ­ Third Edition) and the Self-efficacy for Learning Form were used for data collection. Scales were administered in the classrooms both through online platforms and in paper and pencil. Nonparametric inferential statistical pproaches were used to test hypotheses regarding group differences. Statistically significant differences were found in LASSI in relation to gender, licentiate area, and course semester. Overall, students in Physics dealt better with anxiety; in Mathematics showed more favorable attitudes towards learning; in Chemistry reported an aging their time better; in Biological Science showed significantly lower scores on many scales than did other students. Findings from this study could help inform curricular design decisions regarding teacher education programs and inform the design of interventions to strengthen the learning and study strategies and the self-efficacy for learning beliefs of future teachers.

Transmitir e aprender: dilemas do educar contemporâneo / Transmitir y aprender: dilemas de la educación contemporánea / Transmitting and learning: dilemmas of contemporary education / Transmettre et apprendre: les dilemmes de l'éducation contemporaine

O presente artigo trata do discurso pedagógico contemporâneo apontando transformações nas noções de transmitir e aprender, as quais se deslocaram da dialética própria à relação educativa para uma dilemática que se caracteriza mais pela promoção de uma paralisia que pela fluidez do trabalho subjetivo de educar. O objetivo é demonstrar, a partir de uma peça do discurso pedagógico contemporâneo, a Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC) brasileira, que tais transformações são efeito do discurso chamado por Lacan (1969) de capitalista, cujo funcionamento se pauta na não formação de laço e na justa adequação entre sujeito e objeto. Para essa demonstração, foram pinçados elementos que se articulam num deslize ao discurso do capitalista. Desse modo, concluiu-se que o discurso presente nesse texto acaba por promover a referida dilemática.

Este artículo aborda el discurso pedagógico contemporáneo que ha cambiado en las nociones de transmitir y aprender, que han pasado de la dialéctica de la relación educativa a un dilema que se caracteriza más por la promoción de la parálisis que por la fluidez del subjetivo labor de educar. El objetivo es demostrar, a partir de un fragmento del discurso pedagógico contemporáneo, la Base Curricular Común Nacional Brasileña (BNCC), que tales transformaciones son efecto del discurso llamado por Lacan (1969) como capitalista, cuyo funcionamiento se basa en la no formación de vínculo y en la justa adecuación entre sujeto y objeto. Para esta demostración se seleccionaron elementos que se articulan en un desliz al discurso capitalista. Así, se concluye que el discurso presente en este texto termina por promover el dilema mencionado

This article deals with the contemporary pedagogical discourse that has changed in the notions of transmitting and learning, which have shifted from the dialectic of the educational relationship to a dilemma that is characterized more by the promotion of paralysis than by the fluidity of the subjective work of educating. The goal is to demonstrate, from a piece of contemporary pedagogical discourse, the Brazilian National Common Curricular Base (BNCC), that such transforms are effect of the discourse called by Lacan (1969) as capitalist, whose functioning is based on the non-formation of bond and in the fair adequacy between subject and object. For this demonstration, elements that are articulated in a slip to the capitalist discourse were selected. Thus, it is concluded that the discourse present in this text ends up promoting the aforementioned dilemma

Le présent article traite du discours pédagogique contemporain, en pointant les transformations des notions de transmission et d'apprentissage, qui sont passées de la dialectique de la relation éducative à un dilemme qui se caractérise plus par la promotion de la paralysie que par la fluidité du subjectif travail d'éducation. L'objectif est de démontrer, à partir d'un discours pédagogique contemporain, le Base Curriculaire Nationale Commune brésilienne (BNCC), que de telles transformations sont un effet du discours qualifié par Lacan (1969) de capitaliste, dont le fonctionnement est fondé sur le non-formation d'un lien et dans la juste adéquation entre sujet et objet. Pour cette démonstration, des éléments qui s'articulent dans un glissement au discours capitaliste ont été sélectionnés. Ainsi, il a été conclu que le discours présent dans ce texte finit par promouvoir le dilemme susmentionné

Adaptive single case design (ASCD): a model for education, training, and assessment / Estudo de caso único adaptado (ASCD): um modelo para educação, treinamento e avaliação

Aims: single case designs (SCDs) can help us understand change in learning-related variables, such as knowledge and skill, at the level of an individual learner, at the level of a team or group of learners, or at the level of a situation or system. Adaptive single case design (ASCD) is a new model that integrates (i.) elements of methods of education, training, and assessment that, through research methods other than SCDs, have received solid empirical evidence in the research literature and (ii.) principles of SCDs that can facilitate the integration of research in everyday practice. The rationale behind ASCD is to allow rapid evidence-based decision making in the practice of education, training, and assessment, at the unit of analysis ­ individual, group, team, situation, or system ­ that is considered appropriate in the context at hand. Method: an ASCD algorithm is introduced and discussed in the context of change at the level of the individual, change in a group or team, and change in a situation or system. Results: ASCD can be used to understand change at each of the previously mentioned units of analysis at any number of units including a single unit (one individual, one team, or one situation or system), and this change can be used for research purposes as well. Conclusion: ASCD enables both evidence-based practical decision making and research without stringent demands on the number of learners, groups, teams, situations, or systems.

Objetivos: estudos de caso único podem nos ajudar a entender a mudança nas variáveis relacionadas ao aprendizado, como conhecimento e habilidade, no nível de um aluno individual, no nível de uma equipe ou grupo de alunos, ou no nível de uma situação ou sistema. O Estudo adaptativo de caso único (ASCD) é um novo modelo que integra (i.) elementos de métodos de educação, treinamento e avaliação que, por meio de métodos de pesquisa que não sejam estudos de caso único, receberam evidências empíricas sólidas na literatura de pesquisa e (ii.) princípios de estudos de caso único, que podem facilitar a integração da pesquisa na prática cotidiana. A lógica por trás do ASCD é permitir a rápida tomada de decisão baseada em evidências na prática da educação, treinamento e avaliação, na unidade de análise ­ individual, grupo, equipe, situação ou sistema ­ que é considerada apropriada no contexto em questão. Método: um algoritmo ASCD é introduzido e discutido no contexto de mudança no nível do indivíduo, mudança em um grupo ou equipe e mudança em uma situação ou sistema. Resultados: o ASCD pode ser usado para entender a mudança em cada uma das unidades de análise mencionadas anteriormente em qualquer número de unidades, incluindo uma única unidade (um indivíduo, uma equipe ou uma situação ou sistema), e para fins de pesquisa. Conclusão: o ASCD permite a a pesquisa e a tomada de decisão prática baseada em evidências, sem demandas rigorosas sobre o número de alunos, grupos, equipes, situações ou sistemas.

Perceptions of UST-CRS faculty and students on the use of blackboard learning management system: A research protocol

BACKGROUND@#The global pandemic greatly affected the educational system. Schools and universities were necessitated to adapt from a traditional classroom set-up to an online virtual mode of learning. The University of Santo Tomas – College of Rehabilitation Sciences adapted Blackboard as its primary learning management system, bringing new perceptions and opinions among its primary users- the faculty and students.@*OBJECTIVE@#The study’s objective is to determine the perception of students and faculty from the CRS on using Blackboard as a medium for enhanced virtual learning during the pandemic.@*METHODOLOGY@#Researchers will utilize phenomenological qualitative research for this study as it seeks to study the living experiences of students and faculty members during the pandemic concerning online classes compared to face-to-face courses. Purposive sampling via maximum variation will be used to recruit 3rd year and 4th-year students and faculty members who experienced both face-to-face and online classes. The researchers will employ guide questions during the focus group discussions (FGD) conducted via Zoom. Transcripts will be analyzed using thematic analysis through Nvivo following Hancock’s guidelines. The researchers will use the CORE-Q checklist to appraise the paper and affirm its validity.@*EXPECTED RESULTS@#The findings will include the varied perceptions of students and faculty about using Blackboard for online learning during the pandemic. Results are expected to help the education stakeholders better understand the perceptions of faculty and students to evaluate the use of the learning management system, amend necessary changes, and create relevant policies for the betterment of online learning delivery. Transcripts are expected to result in themes and subthemes that will help researchers identify the features of Blackboard that aid in the delivery of faculty lessons and students’ learning process.

Adolescent social skills, perception of social support and motivation to learn: the impact on school performance / Habilidades sociais, percepção de apoio social e motivação para aprender: o impacto no rendimento escolar / Habilidades sociales de los adolescentes, percepción del apoyo social y motivación para aprender: el impacto en el rendimiento escolar

The aim of this study was to verify whether the School Performance variable can be explained by the Adolescent Social Skills (ASS), Motivation to Learn and Perception of Social Support constructs in groups of students that were with and without an age/grade discrepancy in Elementary School and in Acceleration classes. This study also aimed to compare the constructs in the groups. Participants were 500 students from public schools, aged 15 to 18 years, divided into two groups according to the school progression. The Social Skills Inventory for Adolescents, the Learning Motivation in Elementary Education Scale, the Social Support Appraisals Scale and the Class Council Maps of the participating institutions were used. For the data analysis, Multiple Linear Regression was performed and Student's t-test. The results showed that Adolescent Social Skills, Motivation to Learn and the Perception of Social Support better explained the school performance of the regular progression students. When comparing the groups, the regular progression students presented higher mean scores in Empathy, Self-Control, Civility, Assertiveness, Social Development and in the overall total of the ASS scale. The same occurred when comparing the means of Perception of Social Support and Motivation to Learn of students with and without age/grade discrepancy. The data obtained can contribute to preventive intervention actions for academic competences and social skills, aiming at improving school performance and maintaining regular progression. (AU)

O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar se a variável Rendimento Escolar pode ser explicada pelos construtos Habilidades Sociais de Adolescentes (HSA), Motivação para Aprender e Percepção de Apoio Social nos grupos de alunos que estão no fluxo regular e em defasagem de idade/ano no Ensino Fundamental e em classes de Aceleração. Foi também objetivo desse estudo comparar os construtos nos grupos. Participaram 500 alunos de escolas públicas, com idades variando de 15 a 18 anos e divididos em dois grupos conforme o fluxo escolar. Utilizou-se o Inventário de Habilidades Sociais de Adolescentes, Escala de Motivação para Aprender no Ensino Fundamental, Escala de Percepção de Apoio Social e os Mapas de Conselhos de Classe das instituições participantes. Para a análise dos dados, foi realizada a Regressão Linear Múltipla e o teste t de Student. Os resultados apontaram que as Habilidades Sociais de Adolescentes (HSA), a Motivação para Aprender (MA) e a Percepção de Apoio Social (PAS) explicam mais do rendimento escolar dos estudantes em fluxo regular. Na comparação entre os grupos, os alunos em fluxo regular apresentaram médias mais altas em Empatia, Autocontrole, Civilidade, Assertividade, Desenvoltura social e no total geral da escala de HSA. O mesmo ocorreu quando comparadas as médias de Percepção de Apoio Social e Motivação para Aprender de alunos com e sem distorção de idade/ano. Os dados obtidos podem contribuir com ações preventivas de intervenção para competências acadêmicas e habilidades sociais, objetivando a melhoria do rendimento escolar e a manutenção do fluxo regular. (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar si la variable Rendimiento Escolar puede explicarse por los constructos Habilidades Sociales de los Adolescentes (HSA), Motivación para Aprender (MA) y Percepción de Apoyo Social (PAS) en grupos de estudiantes que se encuentran con y sin retraso de edad/año en la escuela primaria y en las clases de aceleración. La finalidad de este estudio también fue comparar los constructos en los grupos. Participaron 500 estudiantes de escuelas públicas, de 15 a 18 años que fueron divididos en dos grupos de acuerdo con el flujo escolar. Se utilizaron el Inventario de HSA, la MA en la Escuela Primaria, la PAS, los Mapas del Consejo de Clase de las instituciones participantes y los datos de Regresión Lineal Múltiple. Para el análisis de datos, se realizaron regresión lineal múltiple y prueba t de Student. Los resultados mostraron que HSA, MA y PAS explican más sobre el rendimiento escolar de los estudiantes en el flujo regular. Al comparar los grupos, los estudiantes en flujo regular tuvieron promedios más altos en Empatía, Autocontrol, Civilidad, Asertividad, Desarrollo Social y en el total general de la escala HSA. Lo mismo ocurrió al comparar los medios de PAS y la MA de los estudiantes con y sin distorsión de edad/año. Los datos obtenidos pueden contribuir a las acciones de intervención preventiva para las competencias académicas y habilidades sociales, con el objetivo de mejorar el rendimiento escolar y mantener el flujo regular. (AU)

Oportunidades de Aprendizaje Matemático para Estudiantes con Discapacidad Intelectual en Escuelas de Educación Especial / Opportunities to Learn Mathematics for Students with Intellectual Disability in Special Education Schools

RESUMEN: En los últimos años se ha ratificado el derecho a una educación de calidad e inclusiva, especialmente de personas en situación de discapacidad, y se ha puesto énfasis en una enseñanza que involucre a los estudiantes en experiencias matemáticas significativas de alta calidad. Sin embargo, son escasas las investigaciones respecto de cuáles son las oportunidades de aprendizaje (ODA) matemático que se proporcionan a estudiantes que presentan algún tipo de discapacidad intelectual. En este escenario, y con el propósito de caracterizar este tipo de oportunidades que se entregan en escuelas especiales, se realizó un estudio de casos múltiple de ocho cursos de primer ciclo básico de distintas escuelas chilenas. Para ello, se recogieron datos por medio del registro y análisis de contenido de las tareas matemáticas en soportes como cuadernos, fichas de trabajos y evaluaciones de cuatro estudiantes de cada uno de los ocho cursos de enseñanza básica que conforman este estudio. El análisis se centró en la categorización por ejes de contenidos, objetivos curriculares, habilidades matemáticas y demanda cognitiva implicadas en las tareas. Los resultados indican que las ODA se focalizan en el desarrollo de aprendizajes de primero y segundo básico, casi exclusivamente en Números y Operaciones, donde las tareas promueven el desarrollo de habilidades de mediana complejidad, y con fuerte carácter procedimental. Se concluye que los estudiantes de escuelas especiales tienen escasas oportunidades en acceder a nociones matemáticas variadas y desarrollar habilidades complejas a través de tareas ricas y desafiantes, limitando así su participación y desarrollo personal.

ABSTRACT: In recent years, the right to quality and inclusive education, especially for people with disabilities, has been ratified and the emphasis has been placed on teaching that involves students in meaningful and high-quality mathematical experiences. However, there is little research on what are the mathematical learning opportunities that are provided to students who have some type of intellectual disability. In this scenario and in order to characterize this type of opportunity offered in special schools, a multiple case study of eight courses in the first basic cycle of different Chilean schools was carried out. For this, data were collected through the registration and analysis of the content of the mathematical tasks in supports such as notebooks, worksheets and evaluations of four students from each of the eight basic education courses that make up this study. The analysis focused on the categorization by content axes, curricular objectives, mathematical skills and cognitive demand involved in the tasks. The results indicate that the mathematical learning opportunities are focused on the development of the first and second basic learning, almost exclusively in the Numbers and operations topics, whose tasks promote the development of medium complexity skills and with a strong procedural nature. It is concluded that students from special schools have few opportunities to access varied mathematical notions and develop complex skills through rich and challenging tasks, thus limiting their participation and personal development.

Motivation Scale for Learning with the use of DICT (EMA - TDIC) / Escala de Motivação para Aprender com o uso das TDIC (EMA - TDIC) / Escala de Motivación para Aprender con el uso de las TICs (EMA - TDIC)

The motivation to learn, as a socio-affective component, has been investigated as a facilitating phenomenon for the permanence of young people in formal education. The aim of this study was to seek evidence of content and the internal structure of the items that make up an instrument to identify the motivational quality for learning with the use of DICT (EMA - TDIC), with its scope being students in high school and higher education. Participants in this study were 822 students, who responded collectively to the scale. Descriptive and exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) analysis of the items were performed. The CFA results corroborated the structural model established in the EFA, that is, the three-dimensional structure was confirmed: Controlled Motivation, Autonomous Motivation and Demotivation. New studies are underway, aiming to expand the psychometric evidence of the instrument, increasing the possibilities of making this questionnaire useful in educational contexts (AU).

A motivação para aprender, como componente socioafetivo, tem sido investigada como um fenômeno facilitador para a permanência dos jovens na educação formal. O objetivo deste estudo foi buscar evidências de conteúdo e da estrutura interna dos itens integrantes de um instrumento para identificar a qualidade motivacional para aprender com o uso das TDIC (EMA - TDIC), sendo seu âmbito de aplicação os estudantes dos ensinos médio e superior. Participaram neste estudo 822 estudantes que responderam coletivamente à escala. Realizou-se análises descritivas e fatoriais exploratória (AFE) e confirmatória (AFC) dos itens. Os resultados da AFC corroboraram o modelo estrutural instituído na AFE, isto é, confirmou-se a estrutura de três dimensões: Motivação Controlada, Motivação Autônoma e Desmotivação. Novos estudos estão em andamento, visando ampliar as evidências psicométricas do instrumento, aumentando as possibilidades de rentabilização desse questionário nos contextos educativos (AU).

La motivación para aprender, como componente socio-afectivo, ha sido investigada como un fenómeno facilitador para la permanencia de los jóvenes en la educación formal. El objetivo de este estudio fue buscar evidencias de contenido y de estructura interna de los ítems que conforman un instrumento para identificar la calidad motivacional para aprender con el uso de las TICs (EMA - TDIC), para los estudiantes de secundaria y preparatoria. En este estudio participaron 822 estudiantes que respondieron colectivamente a la escala. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y exploratorios (AFE) y confirmatorios (AFC) de los ítems. Los resultados del AFC corroboraron el modelo estructural establecido en el AFE, es decir, se confirmó la estructura tridimensional: Motivación Controlada, Motivación Autónoma y Desmotivación. Se están realizando nuevos estudios, con el objetivo de ampliar la evidencia psicométrica del instrumento, aumentando las posibilidades de rentabilizar este cuestionario en contextos educativos (AU).

Implications of motivation in the application of technologists' learning strategies / Implicações da motivação na aplicação das estratégias de aprendizagem de tecnólogos / Implicaciones de la motivación en la aplicación de estrategias de aprendizaje de los tecnólogos

This study aimed to investigate the association between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for the use of cognitive and metacognitive learning strategies in technologists. Possible differences in both constructs in terms of sex and course were also analyzed. Participants were 96 students from two technological courses at a public education institution in the state of São Paulo. The Motivation to Learn Scale for University Students and the Scale for Learning Strategies for University Students were used. The results showed the prevalence of intrinsic motivation and metacognitive strategies. The motivational orientations were positively related to cognitive and metacognitive strategies. There were no differences regarding gender, or the course attended. New studies should broaden the knowledge about the characteristics of this public, whose course curricula are directed toward inclusion in the labor market and include practical activities as a reality (AU).

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar a associação existente entre a motivação intrínseca e extrínseca para o uso das estratégias de aprendizagem cognitivas e metacognitivas em tecnólogos. Foram analisadas também as possíveis diferenças em ambos os construtos em face do sexo e do curso. Participaram 96 estudantes de dois cursos tecnológicos de uma instituição de ensino pública do interior paulista. Foram utilizadas a Escala de Avaliação da Motivação para Aprender de Universitários e a Escala de Estratégias de Aprendizagem em Universitários. Os resultados apontaram a prevalência da motivação intrínseca e das estratégias metacognitivas e que as orientações motivacionais se relacionaram positivamente com as estratégias cognitivas e metacognitivas. Não houve diferenças em relação ao sexo e ao curso frequentado. Novos estudos devem ampliar os conhecimentos quanto às características desse público que em seus cursos tem objetividade dos seus currículos para a inserção no mercado de trabalho e as atividades práticas como uma realidade (AU).

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la asociación entre la motivación intrínseca y extrínseca para el uso de estrategias de aprendizaje cognitivo y metacognitivo en tecnólogos. También se analizaron las posibles diferencias en ambos constructos en cuanto a sexo y curso. Participaron 96 estudiantes de dos cursos tecnológicos de una institución de educación pública de la provincia de São Paulo. Se utilizó la Escala de Motivación para Aprender para Estudiantes Universitarios y la Escala de Estrategias de Aprendizaje para Estudiantes Universitarios. Los resultados mostraron la prevalencia de la motivación intrínseca y las estrategias metacognitivas y que las orientaciones motivacionales se relacionaron positivamente con las estrategias cognitivas y metacognitivas. No hubo diferencias con respecto al género y al año de escolarización. Nuevos estudios deben ampliar el conocimiento sobre las características de este público, cuyos planes de estudio se orientan para la inserción en el mercado laboral e incluyen las actividades prácticas como una realidad (AU).

Voluntad para el estudio y el trabajo académico en alumnos de una universidad privada de Lima / Will For The Study And Academic Work In Students Of A Private University Of Lima

Introducción: La voluntad para el estudio es una variable de interés de estudio por parte de toda institución educativa, ya que obedece a la política de mejorar la calidad del servicio educativo que brinda de forma constante. Objetivo: Identificar y comparar los niveles de voluntad para el estudio, considerando género y carrera de estudios en estudiantes de una universidad privada. Métodos: Estudio de tipo descriptivo comparativo, mediante la administración de la Escala de voluntad para el estudio, en una muestra de 762 estudiantes universitarios varones y mujeres de las carreras de Medicina humana, Psicología, Derecho, Ingeniería civil, Administración y gerencia, que cursan el IV, V y VI semestre de estudio. Resultados: Se encuentran diferencias significativas según género, en el sentido que las mujeres presentan mejores niveles de voluntad para el estudio en comparación con los varones. Se ha encontrado que en los alumnos de la carrera de Ingeniería hay menos voluntad para el estudio que en las otras carreras. Conclusión:Existen diferencias significativas en los niveles de voluntad para el estudio considerando género y tipo de carrera profesional de estudio.

Introduction: Willingness to learn is an important study variable for any educational institution, since it is consistent with institutional policy of improving quality to the provided educational services. Objective:The main objective is to identify and compare the different levels of Willingness to Learn, considering the gender and different academic programs or careers, among the students of a private university. Methods: Descriptive and comparative study, through the administration of the Willingness to Learn Scale, in a sample of 762 male and female university students of Medical School, Psychology, Law, Civil Engineering, Administration and Management School (IVth, Vth and VIth academic semester). Results: We found significant differences considering gender; women show better or higher levels of Willingness to Learn, compared to men. Students of Engineering program showed a lower level of Willingness to Learn. Conclusion: We found significant differences among levels of Willingness to Learn, considering gender and academic program or career.

Um olhar psicanalítico sobre o não aprender / A psychoanalytic look at not learning / Una mirada psicoanalítica al no aprender / Un regard psychanalytique sur le fait de ne pas apprendre

Propomos neste trabalho avaliar o que ocorre aos indivíduos em relação ao aprender no ambiente escolar/acadêmico e profissional, que não conseguem se dispor às demandas do pensar/conhecer. Observamos os possíveis fatores emocionais que impedem/interferem nesse processo e que trazem repercussões relacionais significativas na vida do indivíduo. Os conceitos fundamentados neste estudo são, principalmente, os relativos aos aspectos primitivos do desenvolvimento e também os presentes em uma teoria sobre o pensar (Bion, 1962/1994b). Por meio deles, procuramos demonstrar de que forma o trabalho psicanalítico pode favorecer ao indivíduo a obtenção de um desenvolvimento mais saudável.

We propose in this paper to evaluate what happens to individuals in relation to learning in the school/academic and professional environment, who are unable to meet the demands of thinking/knowing. We observe the possible emotional factors that hinder/interfere in this process and that bring significant relational repercussions in the individual's life. The concepts grounded in this study are mainly those relating to the primitive aspects of development and also those present in a theory of thinking (Bion, 1962/1994b). Through them, we seek to demonstrate how psychoanalytic work can favor the individual to achieve a healthier development.

En este documento, proponemos evaluar lo que les sucede a las personas en relación con el aprendizaje en el entorno escolar/académico y profesional, que no pueden satisfacer las demandas de pensar/saber. Observamos los posibles factores emocionales que dificultan/interfieren en este proceso y que traen importantes repercusiones relacionales en la vida del individuo. Los conceptos basados en este estudio son principalmente los relacionados con los aspectos primitivos del desarrollo y también los presentes en una teoría del pensamiento (Bion, 1962/1994b). A través de ellos, buscamos demostrar cómo el trabajo psicoanalítico puede favorecer al individuo para lograr un desarrollo más saludable.

Nous proposons dans cet article d'évaluer ce qui arrive aux individus en relation avec l'apprentissage dans l'environnement scolaire/académique et professionnel, qui sont incapables de répondre aux exigences de la pensée/connaissance. Nous observons les facteurs émotionnels possibles qui entravent/interfèrent dans ce processus et apportent des répercussions relationnelles importantes dans la vie de l'individu. Les concepts fondés dans cette étude sont principalement ceux relatifs aux aspects primitifs du développement et également à ceux présents dans une théorie de la pensée (Bion, 1962/1994b). À travers eux, nous cherchons à démontrer comment le travail psychanalytique peut favoriser l'individu pour parvenir à un développement plus sain.

Motivação para Leitura e Lição de Casa no Ensino Fundamental / Motivation to Read and Homework in Elementary School

RESUMO Este estudo caracterizou a motivação para a leitura e os hábitos e estratégias para a realização da lição de casa de um grupo de estudantes do 2º ao 5º ano do Ensino Fundamental, de duas cidades de São Paulo e da Bahia. Explorou também a relação entre os construtos motivação e hábitos e estratégias para a realização da lição de casa e as diferenças em cada construto em razão do ano escolar. Os 545 participantes, entre 6 e 17 anos, preencheram um questionário de identificação e duas escalas do tipo Likert. A motivação extrínseca autônoma e as estratégias favoráveis à aprendizagem predominaram. As correlações entre os construtos alvo variaram de nulas a moderadas. A qualidade da motivação e os hábitos desfavoráveis à aprendizagem diferiram significativamente ao longo dos anos escolares, especialmente nos alunos paulistas.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to identify reading motivation and homework strategies and habits of a group of students from the 2nd to the 5th grade of Elementary School from two cities of São Paulo e Bahia. It also explored the relation between the motivation and habits/strategies constructs and the differences in each construct throughout the school grades. The 545 participants, aged 6 to 17 years, completed an identification questionnaire and two Likert scales. Autonomous extrinsic motivation and homework strategies which promote learning predominated. Correlations between the target constructs ranged from zero to moderate. Motivational quality and homework strategies differed significantly along the school years, especially for students from São Paulo.

Intervention Effectiveness of Pretend Play Based on Learn to Play Program in Children with Autism / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective To investigate the effect of pretend play training based on Learn to Play program on pretend play capabilities of children with autism. Methods The researchers referred some training strategies in Learn to Play program, and designed a pretend play train-ing which adapted to autistic children's level of development. And then they conducted the pretend play training on three autistic children for four weeks. After that they used Child-Initiated Pretend Play Assessment to assess the effect of the intervention before, after and two weeks after training. Results The percentage of pretend play actions, the number of object substitutions and the number of imitated actions in-creased in some degrees in the children. Conclusion The pretend play training based on Learn to Play program can promote the pretend play capabilities of children with autism.

Motivação para ler e variáveis demográficas em estudantes paulistas / Motivation to read and demographic variables of students from São Paulo / Motivación para leer y variables demográficas en estudiantes de São Paulo

Este estudo teve por objetivos caracterizar a motivação para a leitura de um grupo de estudantes do Ensino Fundamental e explorar eventuais diferenças entre eles, no que se refere a gênero, ano escolar e idade. Participaram 139 escolares, de ambos os gêneros, entre 10 e 16 anos (M = 12,60; DP = 1,56), do 6o ao 9o ano de uma escola pública do interior de São Paulo. Os dados foram obtidos, coletivamente, por meio de um questionário de identificação dos participantes e de uma escala de motivação para a leitura. Os resultados revelaram a preferência pela motivação extrínseca entre os estudantes. A pontuação das meninas foi significativamente mais alta nos fatores Motivação Intrínseca (MI) e Motivação Extrínseca por Regulação Externa (RE). Constatou-se também um decréscimo da motivação intrínseca com o avançar da escolaridade e pontuações médias significativamente menores dos alunos mais velhos na motivação intrínseca e nas formas mais autônomas da motivação extrínseca

This study aimed to characterize the motivation for reading of a group of elementary school students and to explore possible differences between them with regard to gender, age and school year. The sample was composed of one hundred and thirty nine students, of both sexes, between 10 and 16 years (M=12.60, SD=1.56), and from the sixth to the ninth grades of a public school in an inland city in the state of São Paulo. Data were obtained collectively through a questionnaire identifying participants and a scale of motivation for reading. The results revealed a preference for extrinsic motivation among students. Girls scored significantly higher in Intrinsic Motivation (MI) and in Extrinsic Motivation (external regulation). A decrease in intrinsic motivation with the advancement in school, as well as significantly lower mean scores of older students in intrinsic motivation and in more autonomous forms of extrinsic motivation were also observed

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar la motivación para la lectura de un grupo de estudiantes de la escuela primaria y la exploración de las posibles diferencias entre ellos con respecto a género, edad y curso escolar. Ciento treinta y nueve estudiantes participaron, de ambos géneros, entre 10 y 16 años (M=12,60, SD=1,56), del sexto hasta el noveno año de una escuela pública en São Paulo. Los datos fueron recogidos colectivamente a través de un cuestionario de identificación de los participantes y una escala de motivación para la lectura. Los resultados revelaron una preferencia por la motivación extrínseca entre los estudiantes. La puntuación de las chicas fue significativamente mayor en los factores Motivación Intrínseca (MI) y Motivación Extrínseca por Regulación Externa (RE). También se observó una disminución en la motivación intrínseca con la educación y el avance de las puntuaciones medias significativamente más bajos de los estudiantes de más edad en la motivación intrínseca y las formas más autónomas de la motivación extrínseca

The effects of the quantitative evaluation of the teaching objective in the anatomy classroom to im-prove the international students’ academic ability / 中华医学教育探索杂志

[Absrtact] Objective To investigate the effect of anatomic quantitative target evaluation of class-room teaching on students' professional knowledge learning ability. Methods Twenty-five international students of 6-year program of grade 2013 were chosen as the experimental group, while twenty-seven Chinese students coming from the same class of grade 2013 and fifteen international students of 6-year program of grade 2012 were chosen as two control groups; quantitative and non-quantitative evaluation were imple-mented respectively by classroom questions and answers; teaching effects were evaluated by scales in the separation of teaching and examination, by records of answers for in-class questions and by questionnaire survey; SPSS 20.0 was used to make statistical analysis, one-way ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis test to com-pare the scores of three groups of students, P Quantitative evaluation of teaching objectives in anatomy class can improve the learning attitude of foreign students and enhance their academic ability.

Criatividade, Motivação para Aprender, Ambiente Familiar e Superdotação: Um Estudo Comparativo / Creativity, Motivation to Learn, Family Environment, and Giftedness: A Comparative Study

RESUMO Este estudo comparou alunos superdotados e não superdotados em relação à percepção do clima de sala de aula para criatividade, do ambiente familiar e motivação para aprender. Participaram 107 alunos de 4a série do Ensino Fundamental. Entre eles, 41 frequentavam um programa de atendimento ao aluno superdotado. Três instrumentos foram empregados: Escala sobre Clima para a Criatividade em Sala de Aula, Escala de Avaliação da Motivação para Aprender de Alunos do Ensino Fundamental e Escalas de Qualidade de Interação Familiar. Diferenças entre os alunos superdotados e não superdotados foram observadas no que diz respeito à percepção do clima de sala de aula e à motivação para aprender. Ambos os grupos avaliaram satisfatoriamente o ambiente familiar.

ABSTRACT This study compared gifted and non-gifted students with respect to the perception of classroom climate for creativity, family environment, and motivation to learn. The 107 participants were 4th grade students. Among them, 41 attended a program for gifted students. Three instruments were administered: the Classroom Climate for Creativity Scale, the Evaluation of Elementary School Students’ Motivation to Learn Scale, and Quality of Family Interaction Scales. Differences between gifted and non-gifted students were noted regarding the perception of classroom climate for creativity and motivation to learn. Both groups evaluated positively the family environment.

SIMPP analysis on curriculum satisfaction of students / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The degree of satisfaction of the curriculum is related not only to the degree of the curriculum but also to the degree of the students' development. With the concept of teaching reform micro system engineering, using the SIMPP analysis of the degree of satisfaction of the curriculum, the relevant factors of the students are studied. The results show that, the learning state, learning objec-tives, and the education level of mother affect the students more easily on the curriculum satisfaction. Research shows, in the present curriculum condition, educators should guide the students to study hard, establish a clear and reasonable learning goal, give the students the introduction and analysis of the curriculum, can effectively improve the students on the curriculum satisfaction, enhance the enthusiasm of the study.

Processos cognitivos e epistemologias da teoria dos campos conceituais de Gérard Vergnaud, do ensino narrativo e do aprendera aprender / Cognitive processes and epistemologies of the theory of conceptual fields of Gérard Vergnaud, teaching narrative and learning to learn

Atualmente, referências sobre a importância "do aprender" e "do ensinar" são feitas com frequência. Nesta análise que disjunta, tem-se a impressão que alunos e professores fazem parte de universos pedagógicos distintos, e que se encontram por acaso, na sala de aula. Nesta ruptura epistemológica, encontra-se a realidade da escola; distante das discussões que ocorrem nas universidades padece de reflexão. Mesmo professores recém-saídos das universidades, não compreendem a importância de ensinar a teoria relacionada com a prática, à narrativa do professor com as concepções do aluno, o ensinar a aprender a aprender. O "ensinar" e o "aprender" estão intimamente relacionados. O professor só poderá ensinar se compreender como o aluno aprende. Nesta perspectiva, a Teoria dos Campos Conceituais é um referencial importante, por enfatizar a práxis educativa em ciências. Este ensaio propõe a discussão desta teoria, em relação ao ensino tradicional, baseado na narrativa do professor e ao ensino centrado no aluno, do "aprender a aprender". Busca- -se fazer algumas considerações epistemológicas em relação a estas pedagogias, relacionando-as com a elaboração dos conhecimentos científicos na perspectiva dos campos conceituais; nesta aproximação, pretende-se encontrar diferenças e similaridades.

Currently, references about the importance "of learning" and "of teaching" are made frequently. This analysis that disjoint, we have the impression that students and teachers are part of distinct pedagogical universes, and meet by chance in the classroom. This epistemological break is the reality of school. Distant from the discussions that take place in the universities is vitiated by reflection. Even teachers fresh out of university, do not understand the importance of teaching the theory related to the practice, the narrative of the teacher with the views of the student, teach him to learn how to learn. The "teaching" and "learning" are closely related .The teacher can only teach understand how the student learns. In this perspective, the Conceptual Fields Theory is an important benchmark by emphasizing the educational praxis in science. This paper proposes a discussion of this theory, compared to traditional teaching, based on the narrative of the teacher and the student-centered learning, of "learning to learn". Seeks to make some epistemological considerations regarding these pedagogies, relating them to the development of scientific knowledge in the fields of conceptual perspective; this approach, we intend to find differences and similarity.